Social scientists have much to contribute to our understanding of these border dynamics, taking them beyond the limited understandings which are limited to a single academic discipline, by virtue of their inability, or lack of willingness, to cross their own professional borders which separate one discipline form the other. This is the single most important function of border management, controlling the means of border crossing. Contributors: Mona Abaza, Nezar AlSayyad, Paul Amar, Walter Armbrust, Vincent Battesti, Fanny Colonna, Eric Denis, Dalila ElKerdany, Yasser Elsheshtawy, Farha Ghannam, Galila El Kadi, Anouk de Koning, Petra Kuppinger, Anna Madoeuf, Catherine Miller, Nicolas Puig, Said Sadek, Omnia El Shakry, Diane Singerman, Elizabeth A. Smith, Leïla Vignal, Caroline Williams. To achieve this, a territorial swap was negotiated, ceding to Jordan the Israeli territory in the southern hills of Hebron in exchange for the Triangle villages in Wadi Ara.[9]. United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, United Nations Security Council Resolution 478, United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, Custodians and Redeemers: Israeli Leaders' Perceptions of Peace, 1967–79, "סקר: יותר ישראלים רואים במתנחלים "מכשול לשלום, "The Golan Heights Annexed by Israel in an Abrupt Move", "Golan Heights Law - Center for Israel Education", "The International Consensus on the Palestine Question", "Resolution 242 and the Aftermath of 1967", "Draft Resolution 'The Middle East problem', Security Council document S/11940, 23 January 1976", "Haniyeh: Hamas willing to accept Palestinian state with 1967 borders", "Poll: 77% of Israelis oppose going back to pre-'67 lines", "Putting back the Green Line – once we find it", "Israel and Future Borders: Assessment of a Dynamic Process", Crossing the Green Line Between the West Bank and Israel, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, "History of Palestine and Green Line Israel", "Boundaries in Flux: The 'Green Line' Boundary between Israel and the West Bank – Past, Present and Future", "The functional presence of an 'erased' boundary: The re-emergence of the 'green line'", World Boundaries: the Middle East and North Africa, "The Intifada and the Palestinians of Israel: Resurrecting the Green Line", The Fallacy of the "1967 Borders" – No Such Borders Ever Existed, University of Texas – Middle East Maps – PCL, Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Line_(Israel)&oldid=1054502959, Articles with Hebrew-language sources (he), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2014, Articles with dead external links from October 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The threat of global terror resulted in governments reimposing stringent management procedures aimed at preventing undesirable elements from crossing the border, all in the name of a potential security threat. Maritime borders represent the jurisdictional borders of a maritime nation and are recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.. Maritime borders exist in the context of territorial . Some succeed in crossing the territorial or the cultural border, others do not. CROSSING BRIDGES: Energy transition in the post-Corona world. [25] Although disputed by Israel, United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (UNSC 242)[26] has declared the interpretation of international law regarding Palestinian Territory. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Crossing the "Green Line": UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus' divided city (Nicosia). The governor and progressive Democrats proudly boast of this 2019 green energy law they believe will mean cleaner power and happiness for all. Conversely, borderlands can become transformed into zones of transition in regions of stability and cross-border cooperation. [9][10] Citizenship by residence, for example, was determined with reference to the Green Line, as well as a person's refugee status. The Line corresponds to the military front of the 1948 War, and while the considerations dictating its placement were primarily military, it soon became clear that in many places it divided towns and villages, and separated farmers from their fields. By continuing to use the site An important step in this respect is the creation of a common language, or glossary of terms, which are recognizable by border scholars, regardless of their specific compartmentalized discipline. The way in which the diverse border functions are expressed on the ground, between countries, groups or social categories, may be vastly different (one) from the other, but they reflect a common concern with the way in which borders are created (demarcated and delimited) subsequently institutionalized and perpetuated (managed) and eventually crossed, opened or even removed altogether, in a world of changing social, economic and political conditions. A 2011 study found that, because of security concerns, 77% of Israelis oppose returning to pre-1967 lines, even if it would lead to peace between Israel and neighboring Arab states. [11][12] A notional Green Line continues to divide Jerusalem at the boundary of East Jerusalem. The Golan Heights are another exception, having been informally incorporated by Israel with the 1981 Golan Heights Law. This page was last edited on 10 November 2021, at 11:46. Border crossing. Are these meaningful changes, or empty attempts to pacify domestic and international public opinion? The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) system runs along both the northern and eastern borders of the area. The territories beyond the Green Line were administered by the Israeli military or later also by the Palestinian Authority. The demarcation of fixed borders creates the ecological fallacy, where some who should be included are left out, while others who should be excluded find themselves inside. When your customer points the arrow to any option in the dialog, the border will appear with a smooth transition from the right to the foot of the text and stop there. This cross-disciplinary, ethnographic, contextualized, and empirical volume explores the meaning and significance of urban space, and maps the spatial inscription of power on the mega-city of Cairo. Our understanding of this localized impact is gleaned from localized border narratives, grass roots empiricism creating the border stories and representations even where governments may argue the border has been removed and is no longer of relevance (Sidaway 2005; Wastl-Walter et al. We are using cookies to provide statistics that help us give you the best experience of our site. Collection of hand-picked free HTML and CSS border animation code examples. One category ends, the adjoining category begins. June 13, 2021. The "Green Line" that was established in the 1949 Armistice Agreements was defined as a military border . Start studying English Unit 5: Crossing Borders. Politics, Culture, and Urban Space in the New Globalized Middle East, Edited by Diane Singerman Paul Amar 70th Street: Green: 7255 Alvarado Rd. Survey of Israel, 1:50,000 map series, 1965–1970. Grossmont Transit Center: Green Orange 8601 Fletcher Pkwy. Once created, borders become transformed into a reality, a default situation which impacts upon daily life patterns and social mores, determine the parameters of exclusion and inclusion, and creates the categories through which social and spatial compartmentalization is perpetuated. An important question on the contemporary border agenda concerns the ethics of the bordering process (Buchanan and Moore 2003; van Houtum and van Naerssen 2002). But meeting particularly after periods of length conflict and cross-border tensions does not always result in spatial hybridity. Equally, the outer border of the expanding European Union, the Schengen border, has become transformed into the point at which entry is denied to economic migrants, while in some cases the transit camps where potential migrants are checked are located in neighbouring countries outside the territorial domain of the EU itself. Classifying populations into various social and economic categories, as a result of which an individual may be eligible for government assistance and benefits, or may have to pay taxation at a certain higher or lower rate, is also an arbitrary demarcation of borders which determine who is included and who is excluded from any particular category. Borderland regions are an important part of the process through which borders are opened. But since 9/11, most of this funding has fallen away and has been replaced by agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security who are interested in the opposite question, namely how borders can be made more difficult to cross, how they can be re-closed and re-sealed as a means of preventing the movement of people and suspect goods. Thus, borders are often created by those who see themselves as acting in the interests of the collective whom they represent, be it the state, the religious faith or the private country club. No amount of government attempts to erect barriers in the form of walls, fences and stringent boundary management, could stop the force of cyber flows which no longer took account of the existence of borders. Achieving the right balance between the legitimate needs of the state in defending its population, and the extent to which this justifies the negation of the human rights of innocent civilians, has become increasingly complex in the post 9/11 era, where notions of securitization have become the keyword to justify actions on the part of the state, actions which were assumed to have disappeared from the Western World in the utopianized era of globalized and borderless [sic] worlds. Borders are always initially created as a means of separation, the construction of a barrier between two sides, normally as a means of perceived defence from outside influences, be it the invasions by foreign troops, the unhindered movement of migrants, or the flow of cheap goods which would undercut the local producers. The Egyptian–Israeli agreement, for example, stated that "the Armistice Demarcation Line is not to be construed in any sense as a political or territorial boundary, and is delineated without prejudice to rights, claims and positions of either Party to the Armistice as regards ultimate settlement of the Palestine question. The Democrats' dystopian dreams are packed into the prospective Reconciliation bill whose fate we have been following. Equally, borders may be opening to certain social, cyber and economic functions while, at one and the same time, they can be closing to other political and security functions. Until July 2007, residents of villages straddling the non-existent physical border between Northern Ireland and the independent Republic of Ireland, continued to frequent pubs and night clubs beyond the border where smoking was still allowed in public places until, that is, the United Kingdom (UK) also adopted the no smoking laws which had gone into effect in the Republic some years earlier. The Bayonne line forms the eastern border of the Area. This is even more problematic in cases where borders constitute the barriers which prevent people from reaching health care facilities, or from visiting their families and loved ones. [22][23], In a December 1969 speech, US Secretary of State William P. Rogers said that "any changes in the pre-existing [1949 armistice] lines should not reflect the weight of conquest and should be confined to insubstantial alterations required for mutual security. Here, too, the metaphor of a motorway border crossing is useful: if the crossing is overloaded, the vehicles swerve to the surrounding country roads and clog the cross-town thoroughfares. Revealed: What a Partitioned Jerusalem Would Look Like . Kibbutz Ramat Rachel was left almost entirely outside the Israeli side of the Green Line. The premier has refused to . Actual borders outlining every nation on Earth do not exist, and yet they persevere in being the cause for conflict, for war and bloodshed. Many Danish residents of Copenhagen have now relocated their place of residence to the other side of the Denmark-Sweden border just across the newly constructed land bridge linking the two countries, because, they argue, taxes are lower and quality of life is higher on the other side of the non-existent boundary. The governments and local authorities on both sides of the open border exploit the border crossing to mutual benefit of populations on both sides, rather than remove them altogether. How do we distinguish reforms that alter the character of the political system from those that are only window dressing? The Associated Press has reported a long story on the Haitians under the bridge and more on the way. Six papers examine various human situations among Palestinians, ranging from villages that have been divided by borders such as the Green Line to populations of Palestinian origin that have been cut off from their roots in Palestine and are now seeking to establish . Prior to the removal of borders in the expanding European Union (EU), the EU created a series of trans-boundary regions, within which people from both sides who did not share ethnic characteristics, came into contact with each other through common economic and cultural cooperation (Anderson et al. The name comes from the green ink used to draw the line on the map while the armistice talks were going on. Many Israelis believe that the settlements are important to Israel's security and also support the settlements ideologically. Perhaps borders are too diverse and varied for a single model to be applied, not least given the vastly different empirical understandings of what constitutes a border as perceived by an anthropologist, a geographer or an expert in International Relations, respectively (Brunet-Jailly 2004b, 2005; Kolossov 2005; Newman 2003, 2006b; Paasi 2005; van Houtum 2005). Cultural and social borders are also characterized by borderland spaces and zones of transition, even if these cannot be defined in spatial or territorial terms. [22] The decision was classified "top secret" and a media blackout was imposed. FILE PHOTO: Soldiers wearing face masks and shields wait for people to enter Thailand in the Ministry of Transport at the border crossing over the second Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge in Mae Sot . [19] (It was also thought to have been motivated by the recent US AWACS sale to Saudi Arabia. In summary, they do not permit foreign individuals (whether they are citizens of an EU member country or the third country) who want to . Figure 8.13 North Africa and the Maghreb. The Green Line was intended as a demarcation line rather than a permanent border. All borders either create or reflect difference, be they spatial categories or cultural affiliations and identities. Maha Abdelrahman Equally, someone whose economic status has moved from one category to another by virtue of becoming wealthy, may not necessarily share the social attributes of his/her new economic status and, as such, may find themselves in a transition zone between highly stratified socio-economic class distinctions. Queensland is set to achieve a major vaccine milestone on Sunday with the state edging towards being 70 per cent fully vaccinated. Salomon and Larissa Fleishman conducted a 2006 study regarding Israeli students' knowledge of the location of the Green Line, and they found that not much more than one third could identify its placement.
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